Lexical suffixes
Contents
Video Audio 1. -ép ~ -əp ‘base, bottom’? 2. -ép ~ -əp ‘hair’? 3. -ә́psəm ~ -əpsém- ‘neck, nape’ 4. -mət ‘appearance’? 5. -mat ‘kind, piece, part’ 6. -mən ~ -ә́mən ~ -əmən̓ ~ -mín ‘instrument’ 7. -mən ~ -mín ~ -mí·n ‘location, position’ 8. -mən ~ -ém̓ən ~ -mín ‘residue’ 9. -ém̓ən ‘extracted liquid’ (cf. no. 7) 10. -əmət̕ᶿ ~ -émət̕ᶿ ‘long object’ 11. -məx ~ -áməx ~ -ám̓əx ‘country, person’ (cf. no. 10) 12. -məxʷ ~ -éməxʷ ~ -əlməxʷ ~ əwməxʷ ~ -aw̓məxʷ ‘place, people, cluster’ (?) 13. -ә́lməxʷ ‘breast, milk, spring (of water)’ 14. -amaʔ ‘body’ 15. -í·maʔ ? (perhaps //-əl-əmaʔ//, a connective -əl- with 6.12. -amaʔ ‘body’) Video In August 2022, we recorded Victor Guerin on Zoom pronouncing the lexical suffixes in the Wayne Suttles (2004) grammar . This was done so that learners could hear how these sounds are pronounced.
VIDEO
Audio 1. -ép ~ -əp ‘base, bottom’? (cf. Haeberlin 1974 :230 4.28 ‘bottom, back part’) only in:
tqép ‘tidal pound’ (< tә́q ‘be closed off’) yә́qʷəp ‘fell a tree by burning’ (< yә́qʷ ‘burn’) sqʷéq̓əp ‘shuttlecock cod lure’ (< ?)
2. -ép ~ -əp ‘hair’? (cf. Haeberlin 1974:232 11.3. Kal. ‘rope, hair’) only in:
sq̓t̕ᶿép (CC), sq̓ә́t̕ᶿəp (JP) ‘hair knot on top of head’ (< ?) skʷә́ysəp ‘hair knot at back’ (< ?)
3. -ә́psəm ~ -əpsém- ‘neck, nape’ tә́psəm ‘nape’ (< tə- dummy root?) ƛ̓əqtә́psəm ‘long-necked’ (< ƛ̓éqt ‘long’) təməłә́psəm ‘pileated woodpecker’ (< tә́məł ‘red ochre’) ləkʷә́psəm ‘break one’s neck’ (< lә́kʷ ‘get broken’) ƛ̓əkʷəpsémt ‘grab him by the neck’ (cf. ƛ̓kʷát ‘grab it’)
4. -mət ‘appearance’? ʔəy̓ә́y̓mət (JP), ʔiʔә́y̓mət (AG) ‘pretty’ (< ʔә́y̓ ‘good’) qəlqә́mət ‘ugly’ (< qә́l ‘bad’) ʔəy̓ámət ‘easy, easy-going, cheap’ (JP) (< ʔә́y̓ ‘good’ + ?)
5. -mat ‘kind, piece, part’ qә́x̌mat ‘many kinds’ (< qә́x̌ ‘many’) łә́xʷmat ‘three pieces’ (< łíxʷ ‘three’) θímat ‘greater part’ (< θí ‘big’)
6. -mən ~ -ә́mən ~ -əmən̓ ~ -mín ‘instrument’ k̓ʷqʷә́mən ‘axe’ (cf. k̓ʷáqʷət ‘hit it, as with a club’) łә́t̕əmən̓ ‘herring rake’ (< łә́t̕əm ‘rake herring’, cf. łt̕et ‘flick it’) kʷəcmín ‘deer-hoof rattle’ (cf. kʷécəm ‘scream’)
7. -mən ~ -mín ~ -mí·n ‘location, position’ yəwén̓mən ‘area in front of house’ (< yəw̓én̓ ‘before, first’) ʔəncémən ‘all parts of the body’ (< ʔә́nəcə ‘where’) təsmín ‘next younger sibling’ (< tә́s ‘arrive there’) sənƛ̓eʔmí·n ‘next older sibling’ (< sә́nƛ̓eʔ ‘senior sibling/cousin’)
8. -mən ~ -ém̓ən ~ -mín ‘residue’ t̕ᶿә́m̓mən ‘small bones left over after a meal’ (< st̕ᶿám̓ ‘bone’) t̕ᶿəx̌mín ‘junk, worthless stuff’ (< t̕ᶿә́x̌ ‘get used up’, cf. t̕ᶿéx̌ ‘sell cheap, pawn’)
k̓ʷa·nt̕ém̓ən ‘porpoise oil’ (< k̓ʷá·nt̕ ‘porpoise’) sq̓ʷi·l̕məxʷém̓ən ‘blackberry juice’ (< sq̓ʷí·l̕məxʷ ‘blackberries’) ckʷimém̓ən ‘red liquid’ (< ckʷím ‘red’)
10. -əmət̕ᶿ ~ -émət̕ᶿ ‘long object’ sk̓ʷínəmət̕ᶿ ‘how many (poles, etc.)?’ (< k̓ʷín ‘how many?’) nəc̓émət̕ᶿ ‘one (long object)’ (< nә́c̓aʔ ‘one’) ƛ̓əqtémət̕ᶿ ‘tall (person)’ (< ƛ̓éqt ‘long’)
11. -məx ~ -áməx ~ -ám̓əx ‘country, person’ (cf. no. 10) łéq̓əməx ‘flats, flat country (as the Fraser delta)’ (cf. łq̓ét ‘wide’) stáməx ‘warrior’ (dummy root t- ?) qә́ləməx ‘Bud, Pal’ (cf. qéqələ ‘baby’, also Shuswap qəlmuxʷ ‘person’ Kuipers 1974:236) sqx̌ʷám̓əx (also recorded sqʷx̌ʷám̓əx) ‘Squamish’ (people and country up Howe Sound) (< ?)
12. -məxʷ ~ -éməxʷ ~ -əlməxʷ ~ əwməxʷ ~ -aw̓məxʷ ‘place, people, cluster’ (?) tә́məxʷ ‘earth, land, soil’ (< t- dummy root?) xʷә́lməxʷ ‘village, Indigenous Person šxʷłël̕éməxʷ ‘sea hunter-fisher’ (šxʷ- ‘obl. nom.’, cf. łé·l ‘go shoreward’) sq̓ʷí·l̕məxʷ ‘blackberries’ (//s-q̓ʷә́l-əlməxʷ//, < q̓ʷә́l ‘be cooked, ripe’) ʔəw̓k̓ʷә́lməxʷ ‘all different kinds of First Nations People (< ʔә́w̓k̓ʷ ‘be used up’) nəc̓ә́wməxʷ ‘one people (“tribe”)’ (< nә́c̓aʔ ‘one’) nəc̓ә́wməxʷ ‘different people’ (< néc̓ ‘different’, the root is different from the last, but the derivatives are homophonous) skʷxә́wməxʷ ‘name of a country’ (< skʷíx ‘name’) qx̌áw̓məxʷ ‘many different kinds of people’ (< qә́x̌ ‘many’)
13. -ә́lməxʷ ‘breast, milk, spring (of water)’ θiθә́lməxʷ ‘big-breasted’ qətә́lməxʷəm ‘bind one’s breasts’ (cf. qítət ‘bind it’) p̓t̕ᶿә́lməxʷ ‘milk a cow’ (cf. p̓ә́t̕ᶿət ‘wring it out’) musməsә́lməxʷ ‘cow’s milk’ (< músməs ‘cow’) snəsә́lməxʷ ‘butter’ (< snás ‘fat, oil’) sqim̓ək̓ʷә́lməxʷ p.n. ‘Devilfish Spring’
14. -amaʔ ‘body’ θəhámaʔ ‘big-bodied’ k̓ʷàm̓k̓ʷəm̓ámaʔ ‘strong-bodied’
15. -í·maʔ ? (perhaps //-əl-əmaʔ//, a connective -əl- with 6.12. -amaʔ ‘body’) ʔә́y̓í·maʔ ‘clean (person, house)’ (< ʔә́y̓ ‘good’) qɨlí·maʔ ‘dirty (person, house)’ (< qә́l ‘bad’)