Consonants
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The 36 Hun’q’umi’num’ consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Labialized velar | Uvular | Labialized Uvular | Glottal | |
Stops | p | t | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |||
Glottalized stops | p̓ | t̓ | k̓ʷ | q̓ | q̓ʷ | |||||
Affricates | c | č | ||||||||
Glottalized affricates | t̓ᶿ | c̓ | ƛ̓ | |||||||
Fricatives | θ | s | ł | š | x | xʷ | x̌ | x̌ʷ | h | |
Resonants | m | n | l | y | w | |||||
Glottalized resonants | m̓ | n̓ | l̓ | y̓ | w̓ |
Have toggle box below table where there is there are two options to select between:
All [no colour, as above]
Consonants not in English [highlight certain cells in the chart in yellow]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Labialized velar | Uvular | Labialized Uvular | Glottal | |
Stops | p | t | k | kʷ | q | qʷ | ʔ | |||
Glottalized stops | p̓ | t̓ | k̓ʷ | q̓ | q̓ʷ | |||||
Affricates | c | č | ||||||||
Glottalized affricates | t̓ᶿ | c̓ | ƛ̓ | |||||||
Fricatives | θ | s | ł | š | x | xʷ | x̌ | x̌ʷ | h | |
Resonants | m | n | l | y | w | |||||
Glottalized resonants | m̓ | n̓ | l̓ | y̓ | w̓ |
*Have each cell in the table when clicked on link to a new page, where the term or sound will be defined, illustrated, exemplified
Manners of articulation
Stops | consonants in which the airflow is completely stopped or blocked at the place of articulation by the tongue, lips, or vocal folds. |
Fricatives | consonants in which air is forced through a narrow opening, causing friction. |
Affricates | sequences of a stop immediately followed by a fricative, but behaving as a single sound: for example, t̓ᶿ is sort of like t̓ + θ, c is sort of like t + s, č is sort of like t + š. |
Resonant | consonants involving less obstruction than a fricative: nasals (m, n), liquid (l), glides (y, w). |
Secondary articulations, co-articulated with consonants
Glottalized | produced with glottal articulation (a “catch in the throat”) as well as oral articulation, written with an apostrophe < ̓> on top of the sound, for example m̓ = m with a glottal catch. Glottalized resonants typically have the catch in the after the resonant, but maybe have in before when they follow a stressed, non-long vowel (see Glottalized resonants for details [link to glottalized resonants timing lesson page]). Glottalized stops use the catch in the throat a little bit differently, and have it during the stop to help increase the air pressure in the mouth and give the stop a “poppy” quality. |
Labialized | produced with rounded lips, written with a superscript w <ʷ> after the consonant’s letter, for example qʷ = q with rounded lips. Note that while the ʷ is written after the letter, you should round your lips throughout the sound. |